Reviews of Literature Volume 1 , Issue 5 / Dec 2013 ISSN:-2347-2723 1 Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 2 • Sept 2013 A NEW FORMULA FOR ESTIMATING INSECTICIDE EFFICACY AGAINST BOLLWORMS UNDER THE EGYPTIAN CONDITIONS Abdallah M. Albeltagy Bollworms Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Agric. Res. Center, Alexandria, Egypt Abstract Bollworms [ pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella ( Saud.) and spiny bollworm , Earis Insulana ( Boisd) ] are the main cotton insect pests in Egypt. Too many insecticides from different insecticide groups are applied against it. The protocol of estimating insecticide efficacy against it and against many other insect pests depends on the formula of Henderson and Tilton ( 1955 ), which needs to have a control area ( untreated area ) equals to the area of one insecticide treatment , which is four cotton feddans, to calculate the reduction percentages in bollworms infestation percent after applying each insecticide treatment. Because of this condition is impossible and is not applicable( because the financial costs of the losses of these untreated area is about 40 thousands Egyptian bounds), it's recommended to apply Albeltagy ( 2012 ) formula, which derived from experimental data and it does not depend on the presence of untreated area, but it depends on the initial bollworms infestation percentages before applying the insecticide treated program, to calculate the reduction percentages in bollworms infestation percent. The application of Albeltagy ( 2012 ) formula solves a lot of insecticide application problems in the estimating insecticide efficacy protocol and gives an acceptable and logic data which could be benefit when its results applied in the cotton fields . INTRODUCTION Over 1990s, the global pesticide sale remained relatively constant, between 270 to 300 billion dollars, of which 44% were herbicides, 29% were insecticides, 21% were fungicides/bactericides, and 6% the others. Over the period 2007 to 2008, herbicides ranked the first in three major categories of pesticides: insecticides, fungicides/bactericides, herbicides (WenJun Zhang et al. 2011). World pesticide expenditures totaled more than $35.8 billion in 2006 and more than $39.4 billion in 2007. Expenditures on herbicides accounted for the largest portion of total expenditures (approximately 40%), followed by expenditures on insecticides, fungicides, and other pesticides, respectively. Total expenditures increased in 2007 due to increased spending on all pesticide types (Grube et. al 2011). Global demand for pesticides will rise 2.9 percent annually to 2014, this study analyzes the $45 billion world pesticide industry ( Anonymous 2010). Ehab Bakr ( 2013 ) mentioned that : efficacy of pesticides percentages can be calculated and corrected according to Abbott, Henderson & Tilton, Schneider-Orelli or Sun-Shepard formulas. These formulas calculate corrected efficacy % in pesticide trials. The selection of appropriate formula is depending on two factors: 1-Trial condition (infestation or population stability and homogeneity). 2-The handled data (live individuals or mortality %). Reviews of Literature Volume 1 , Issue 5 / Dec 2013 ISSN:-2347-2723 2 Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 2 • Sept 2013 Although Abbott’s (1925) formula was a convenient descriptive statistic for calculating the percentage control obtained between the Core Treatment versus Control areas, modified or additional analytical procedures also were used by research teams at individual sites. Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula provides a similar metric for measuring percentage control, but by quantifying changes in tick density between baseline and subsequent sampling times, it can be used to determine treatment effects between any two sampling periods (Pound et al. 2009 ). In this study Albeltagy formula 2012 is compared to Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula for calculating and correcting insecticides efficacy percentages against bollworms in commercial cotton fields in Egypt. II- Materials and methods :- 1-This study was carried out in 2012 cotton season, Kom Isho village, Kafer Aldawar district, Albohira Governorate, , Egypt, whereas 18 commercial cotton fields were chosen [ 17 areas for ( 17) different insecticide treatments, and one as an untreated ( control ) area, each area contained 4 cotton acres]. Three insecticide applications ( each every 15 days) were conducted with the same insecticide, in three successive applications ( 29/8 , 11/9 , and 25/9/2012, respectively ). The insecticides used, formulation, concentrations, and rates of applications are shown in table ( 1) . Table ( 1 ) : Applied insecticides against bollworms, formulations, concentrations, and application rates , Application # Insecticide ( trade name ) Insecticide ( Commen name ) Con. % & Formulation Application rate / acre I- OP's 1 Helpan Chlorpyrifos 48% - Ec 1 L 2 Dorsell Chlorpyrifos 48% - Ec 1 L 3 Chlorzid Chlorpyrifos 48% - Ec 1 L 4 Pesteban Chlorpyrifos 48% - Ec 1 L 5 Pyrofos Chlorpyrifos 48% - Ec 1 L 6 Chlofet Chlorpyrifos 48% - Ec 1 L 7 Silian Profenofos 72% - Ec 750 ml 8 Teliton Profenofos 72% - Ec 750 ml II- Pyrethroids 9 Lampada Star Lambdacyhalothrin 5% - Ec 375 ml 10 Kafrothrin Deltamethrin 2.5% - Ec 750 ml 11 Lamdathrin Lambdacyhalothrin 5% - Ec 375 ml 12 Decies Deltamethrin 2.5% - Ec 350 ml 13 Agristar Lambdacyhalothrin 5% - Ec 375 ml 14 pylarmada Lambdacyhalothrin 5% - Ec 750 ml Reviews of Literature Volume 1 , Issue 5 / Dec 2013 Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 15 Demand 16 Alfazed 17 Newmell Seventy – two ( 72) green cotton boll samples ( 14 from each treatment, each contained 100 green boll ) were weekly collected from the 18 cotton fields in six successive investigations , beginning from 29/8/2012 , and transferred to the laboratory, whereas subjected to investigations, calculating and recording boll infestation percentages. 2-Two formulas were used to calculate the reduction in boll infestation percentages caused by different insecticide application, these formulas are : a-Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula: Reduction % = (1 - Where : B.I. % = boll infestation % , T = treated , Co. = control b- Albeltagy formula ( 2012 ) : Reduction % = ( (B.I. % in Where : B.I. % = boll infestation % , T III- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS : Data showed in table (2) summarized the weekly averages of boll infestation percentages pre and post the above mentioned insecticide treatments. These data include the bollworm infestation percentages recorded from the untreated area (control). Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 2 • Sept 2013 Deltamethrin 2.5% - Ec Alpha cypermthrin 10% - Ec III - Carbamates . Methomyl 90 % - SP two ( 72) green cotton boll samples ( 14 -21 day old, four randomized samples from each treatment, each contained 100 green boll ) were weekly collected from the 18 cotton fields in six successive investigations , beginning from 29/8/2012 , and transferred to the laboratory, whereas subjected to investigations, calculating and recording boll Two formulas were used to calculate the reduction in boll infestation percentages caused by different insecticide application, these formulas are :- Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula:- (B.I. % in Co. before treatment ) X (B.I. % treatment) (B.I. % in Co. after treatment) X (B.I. % in treatment) Where : B.I. % = boll infestation % , T = treated , Co. = control Albeltagy formula ( 2012 ) :- B.I. % in T. before treatment ) - (B.I. % in T. after (B.I. % in T. after treatment) Where : B.I. % = boll infestation % , T. = treated . RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS :- Data showed in table (2) summarized the weekly averages of boll infestation percentages pre and post the above mentioned insecticide treatments. These data include the bollworm infestation percentages recorded from the untreated area (control). ISSN:-2347-2723 3 400 ml 250 ml SP 300 gm 21 day old, four randomized samples from each treatment, each contained 100 green boll ) were weekly collected from the 18 cotton fields in six successive investigations , beginning from 29/8/2012 , and up to 3/10/2012, transferred to the laboratory, whereas subjected to investigations, calculating and recording boll Two formulas were used to calculate the reduction in boll infestation percentages caused by B.I. % in T after in T before ) * 100 after treatment) ) X 100 Data showed in table (2) summarized the weekly averages of boll infestation percentages pre and post the above mentioned insecticide treatments. These data include the bollworm Reviews of Literature Volume 1 , Issue 5 / Dec 2013 ISSN:-2347-2723 4 Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 2 • Sept 2013 Table (2) : Averages of weekly bollworms infestation % . Treatment # Averages of weekly bollworms infestation % Pre - Treatment Post - Treatment 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 16 7 7 3 5.5 6.25 2 12 5.5 6.5 1.75 6.75 11.75 3 15 3.5 3.5 1.5 6.25 4.25 4 14.5 5 5.5 2.25 4.75 3.25 5 32 11.5 11.5 1.75 3.5 4.5 6 30.5 4.5 4.5 2.5 5.5 6.75 7 26.5 4.5 4.5 0.75 4.75 8 8 26 4 4 0.75 10.25 2.25 9 17.5 5.5 5.5 0.75 2.75 3.25 10 17.5 3 3 2.25 4 0.75 11 25 5.5 5.5 1.5 1.25 1.75 12 22 7 7 1 1.5 1.5 13 12 4.5 4.5 2 2 3 14 12.5 2 2 2.5 1.75 2.25 15 9 15.5 17 1 1.75 0.75 16 14 6 5 1.25 1.5 1 17 8.5 4.5 5 0.75 1.5 1.5 18 16 4 4 0.25 0.75 0.25 Data in table (3) Showed the negative bollworms reduction percentages obtained after applying Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula in calculating the reduction percentages of bollworms infestation percentages ( table 2) after the application of the above mentioned insecticide applications . Table ( 3 ) : Reduction percentages in boll infestation % according to Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula . Treatment # weekly bollworm investigations 1 2 3 4 5 Average boll infestation Red. % 1 -174.0 -99.0 -684.7 -60.1 -339.9 -271.5 2 -182.3 -117.2 -429.8 -127.6 -521.2 -275.6 3 -92.3 -99.0 -684.7 -137.9 -203.0 -243.4 4 -136.9 -109.0 -653.5 -69.4 -204.3 -234.6 Reviews of Literature Volume 1 , Issue 5 / Dec 2013 ISSN:-2347-2723 5 Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 2 • Sept 2013 5 -142.8 -99.0 -242.5 -65.7 -384.7 -186.9 6 -58.0 -99.0 -887.9 -72.3 -367.2 -296.9 7 -66.9 -99.0 -265.7 -210.1 -504.3 -229.2 8 -60.5 -99.0 -299.0 -454.6 -64.9 -195.6 9 -124.7 -99.0 -217.2 -121.2 -353.5 -183.1 10 -67.6 -99.0 - 1,199.0 -58.3 -55.3 -295.8 11 -87.0 -99.0 -435.4 -26.8 -419.0 -213.4 12 -126.3 -99.0 -227.6 -49.0 -299.0 -160.2 13 -149.0 -99.0 -710.1 -32.3 -449.0 -287.9 14 -63.0 -99.0 - 1,999.0 -22.3 -384.7 -513.6 15 -687.9 -108.7 -93.1 -57.3 -127.6 -214.9 16 -170.4 -82.3 -399.0 -39.0 -199.0 -178.0 17 -210.8 -110.1 -239.0 -65.7 -299.0 -184.9 Data in table (4) Showed the positive bollworms reduction percentages obtained after applying Albeltagy (2012) formula in calculating the reduction percentages of bollworms infestation percentages ( table 2) after the application of the above mentioned insecticide applications . This paper does not discuss the efficacy of different insecticides applied against bollworms, but it discusses the viability of using Albeltagy ( 2012) formula instead of Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula in these different cases : 1- in calculating reduction in infestation % after any treatment ( herbicide, insecticide, bactericide / fungicide or any other pesticide), in any crop and against any pest rather than using Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula, which uses in calculating the reduction in insect population ( not infestation % ) . 2- In a case of the absence of untreated area ( control ). 3- In a case of a farmer applied insecticide to the untreated area for a commercial reasons ( to gain more benefits ) , so fare the infestation in the untreated ( control ) is equal or smaller than in the treated areas, because this'll case a negative reduction % not positive ones . 4- In a case of getting illogic data from the untreated area or data loss for any reason or another. Table ( 4 ) : Reduction percentages in boll infestation % according to Albeltagy formula ( 2012 ) . Treatment # weekly reduction in bollworm infestation % 1 2 3 4 5 Average boll infestation Red. % 1 56.3 56.3 81.3 65.6 60.9 64.1 2 54.2 45.8 85.4 43.8 2.1 46.3 3 76.7 76.7 90.0 58.3 71.7 74.7 4 65.5 62.1 84.5 67.2 77.6 71.4 5 64.1 64.1 94.5 89.1 85.9 79.5 Reviews of Literature Volume 1 , Issue 5 / Dec 2013 ISSN:-2347-2723 6 Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 2 • Sept 2013 6 85.2 85.2 91.8 82.0 77.9 84.4 7 83.0 83.0 97.2 82.1 69.8 83.0 8 84.6 84.6 97.1 60.6 91.3 83.7 9 68.6 68.6 95.7 84.3 81.4 79.7 10 82.9 82.9 87.1 77.1 95.7 85.1 11 78.0 78.0 94.0 95.0 93.0 87.6 12 68.2 68.2 95.5 93.2 93.2 83.6 13 62.5 62.5 83.3 83.3 75.0 73.3 14 84.0 84.0 80.0 86.0 82.0 83.2 15 -72.2 -88.9 88.9 80.6 91.7 20.0 16 57.1 64.3 91.1 89.3 92.9 78.9 17 47.1 41.2 91.2 82.4 82.4 68.8 Albeltagy (2012) formula is very simple, easy to be calculated and applicable that any farmer who cultivated any crop and has applied any control action [ biologically, physically, or chemically " as a part of integrated pest management ( IPM) ] can apply it to know the efficacy of this control action in his own farm however it's small or large one . By this way farmers can manage their control action easily and scientists and experts can get more reliable data successfully. The most valuable advantage of Albeltagy ( 2012 ) formula is that : it does not have any financial costs , while the application of all other formulas causes financial losses and costs for a very simple reason, Albeltagy formula does not need any untreated areas ( control ), and does not need any control samples, it depends on the data of the pre treatment to compare with that of the post treatment to calculate the reduction percentage for any control action under any conditions . REFERENCES :- 1. Abbott, W.S. (1925). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol.; 18 : 265-267. 2. Anonymous ( 2010 ) : World Pesticides to 2014 - Market Research, Market Share, Market Size, Sales, Demand Forecast, Market Leaders, Company Profiles, Industry Trends. 3. http://www.freedoniagroup.com/World-Pesticides.html 4. Ehab Bakr ( 2013 ) . Ldp line software . 5. http://www.ehabsoft.com/ldpline/onlinecontrol.htm#SunShepard 6. Grube, A.; D. Donaldson, T. Kiely, and La Wu ( 2011) : Pesticides Industry, Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates. EPA, Biological and Economic Analysis Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ,Washington, DC 20460. 33 pages. 7. http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/pestsales/07pestsales/market_estimates2007.pdf 8. Henderson, C.F. and E. W. Tilton, 1955. Tests with acaricides against the brow wheat mite, J. Econ. Entomol. 48:157-161. 9. Pound, Joe Mathews, J. A. Miller, J.E. George, D. Fish, J. F. Carroll, T. L. Schulze, T. J. Daniels, R. C. Falco, K. C. Stafford, and T. N. Mather.( 2009 ) . The United States Reviews of Literature Volume 1 , Issue 5 / Dec 2013 ISSN:-2347-2723 7 Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 2 • Sept 2013 Department of Agriculture’s Northeast. Area-Wide Tick Control Project: Summary and Conclusions. VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES, 9(4) : 439- 448 . 10. http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/35190/PDF 11. Püntener W., 1981 Manual for field trials in plant protection second edition. Agricultural Division, Ciba-Geigy Limited. 12. Zhang, WenJun, FuBin Jiang, and JianFeng Ou (2011) : Global pesticide consumption and pollution: with China as a focus. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2011, 1(2):125-144 13. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/piaees/articles/2011-1(2)/Global-pesticideco
Reviews of Literature Volume 1 , Issue 5 / Dec 2013 ISSN:-2347-2723 1 Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 2 • Sept 2013 A NEW FORMULA FOR ESTIMATING INSECTICIDE EFFICACY AGAINST BOLLWORMS UNDER THE EGYPTIAN CONDITIONS Abdallah M. Albeltagy Bollworms Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Agric. Res. Center, Alexandria, Egypt Abstract Bollworms [ pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella ( Saud.) and spiny bollworm , Earis Insulana ( Boisd) ] are the main cotton insect pests in Egypt. Too many insecticides from different insecticide groups are applied against it. The protocol of estimating insecticide efficacy against it and against many other insect pests depends on the formula of Henderson and Tilton ( 1955 ), which needs to have a control area ( untreated area ) equals to the area of one insecticide treatment , which is four cotton feddans, to calculate the reduction percentages in bollworms infestation percent after applying each insecticide treatment. Because of this condition is impossible and is not applicable( because the financial costs of the losses of these untreated area is about 40 thousands Egyptian bounds), it's recommended to apply Albeltagy ( 2012 ) formula, which derived from experimental data and it does not depend on the presence of untreated area, but it depends on the initial bollworms infestation percentages before applying the insecticide treated program, to calculate the reduction percentages in bollworms infestation percent. The application of Albeltagy ( 2012 ) formula solves a lot of insecticide application problems in the estimating insecticide efficacy protocol and gives an acceptable and logic data which could be benefit when its results applied in the cotton fields . INTRODUCTION Over 1990s, the global pesticide sale remained relatively constant, between 270 to 300 billion dollars, of which 44% were herbicides, 29% were insecticides, 21% were fungicides/bactericides, and 6% the others. Over the period 2007 to 2008, herbicides ranked the first in three major categories of pesticides: insecticides, fungicides/bactericides, herbicides (WenJun Zhang et al. 2011). World pesticide expenditures totaled more than $35.8 billion in 2006 and more than $39.4 billion in 2007. Expenditures on herbicides accounted for the largest portion of total expenditures (approximately 40%), followed by expenditures on insecticides, fungicides, and other pesticides, respectively. Total expenditures increased in 2007 due to increased spending on all pesticide types (Grube et. al 2011). Global demand for pesticides will rise 2.9 percent annually to 2014, this study analyzes the $45 billion world pesticide industry ( Anonymous 2010). Ehab Bakr ( 2013 ) mentioned that : efficacy of pesticides percentages can be calculated and corrected according to Abbott, Henderson & Tilton, Schneider-Orelli or Sun-Shepard formulas. These formulas calculate corrected efficacy % in pesticide trials. The selection of appropriate formula is depending on two factors: 1-Trial condition (infestation or population stability and homogeneity). 2-The handled data (live individuals or mortality %). Reviews of Literature Volume 1 , Issue 5 / Dec 2013 ISSN:-2347-2723 2 Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 2 • Sept 2013 Although Abbott’s (1925) formula was a convenient descriptive statistic for calculating the percentage control obtained between the Core Treatment versus Control areas, modified or additional analytical procedures also were used by research teams at individual sites. Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula provides a similar metric for measuring percentage control, but by quantifying changes in tick density between baseline and subsequent sampling times, it can be used to determine treatment effects between any two sampling periods (Pound et al. 2009 ). In this study Albeltagy formula 2012 is compared to Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula for calculating and correcting insecticides efficacy percentages against bollworms in commercial cotton fields in Egypt. II- Materials and methods :- 1-This study was carried out in 2012 cotton season, Kom Isho village, Kafer Aldawar district, Albohira Governorate, , Egypt, whereas 18 commercial cotton fields were chosen [ 17 areas for ( 17) different insecticide treatments, and one as an untreated ( control ) area, each area contained 4 cotton acres]. Three insecticide applications ( each every 15 days) were conducted with the same insecticide, in three successive applications ( 29/8 , 11/9 , and 25/9/2012, respectively ). The insecticides used, formulation, concentrations, and rates of applications are shown in table ( 1) . Table ( 1 ) : Applied insecticides against bollworms, formulations, concentrations, and application rates , Application # Insecticide ( trade name ) Insecticide ( Commen name ) Con. % & Formulation Application rate / acre I- OP's 1 Helpan Chlorpyrifos 48% - Ec 1 L 2 Dorsell Chlorpyrifos 48% - Ec 1 L 3 Chlorzid Chlorpyrifos 48% - Ec 1 L 4 Pesteban Chlorpyrifos 48% - Ec 1 L 5 Pyrofos Chlorpyrifos 48% - Ec 1 L 6 Chlofet Chlorpyrifos 48% - Ec 1 L 7 Silian Profenofos 72% - Ec 750 ml 8 Teliton Profenofos 72% - Ec 750 ml II- Pyrethroids 9 Lampada Star Lambdacyhalothrin 5% - Ec 375 ml 10 Kafrothrin Deltamethrin 2.5% - Ec 750 ml 11 Lamdathrin Lambdacyhalothrin 5% - Ec 375 ml 12 Decies Deltamethrin 2.5% - Ec 350 ml 13 Agristar Lambdacyhalothrin 5% - Ec 375 ml 14 pylarmada Lambdacyhalothrin 5% - Ec 750 ml Reviews of Literature Volume 1 , Issue 5 / Dec 2013 Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 15 Demand 16 Alfazed 17 Newmell Seventy – two ( 72) green cotton boll samples ( 14 from each treatment, each contained 100 green boll ) were weekly collected from the 18 cotton fields in six successive investigations , beginning from 29/8/2012 , and transferred to the laboratory, whereas subjected to investigations, calculating and recording boll infestation percentages. 2-Two formulas were used to calculate the reduction in boll infestation percentages caused by different insecticide application, these formulas are : a-Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula: Reduction % = (1 - Where : B.I. % = boll infestation % , T = treated , Co. = control b- Albeltagy formula ( 2012 ) : Reduction % = ( (B.I. % in Where : B.I. % = boll infestation % , T III- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS : Data showed in table (2) summarized the weekly averages of boll infestation percentages pre and post the above mentioned insecticide treatments. These data include the bollworm infestation percentages recorded from the untreated area (control). Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 2 • Sept 2013 Deltamethrin 2.5% - Ec Alpha cypermthrin 10% - Ec III - Carbamates . Methomyl 90 % - SP two ( 72) green cotton boll samples ( 14 -21 day old, four randomized samples from each treatment, each contained 100 green boll ) were weekly collected from the 18 cotton fields in six successive investigations , beginning from 29/8/2012 , and transferred to the laboratory, whereas subjected to investigations, calculating and recording boll Two formulas were used to calculate the reduction in boll infestation percentages caused by different insecticide application, these formulas are :- Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula:- (B.I. % in Co. before treatment ) X (B.I. % treatment) (B.I. % in Co. after treatment) X (B.I. % in treatment) Where : B.I. % = boll infestation % , T = treated , Co. = control Albeltagy formula ( 2012 ) :- B.I. % in T. before treatment ) - (B.I. % in T. after (B.I. % in T. after treatment) Where : B.I. % = boll infestation % , T. = treated . RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS :- Data showed in table (2) summarized the weekly averages of boll infestation percentages pre and post the above mentioned insecticide treatments. These data include the bollworm infestation percentages recorded from the untreated area (control). ISSN:-2347-2723 3 400 ml 250 ml SP 300 gm 21 day old, four randomized samples from each treatment, each contained 100 green boll ) were weekly collected from the 18 cotton fields in six successive investigations , beginning from 29/8/2012 , and up to 3/10/2012, transferred to the laboratory, whereas subjected to investigations, calculating and recording boll Two formulas were used to calculate the reduction in boll infestation percentages caused by B.I. % in T after in T before ) * 100 after treatment) ) X 100 Data showed in table (2) summarized the weekly averages of boll infestation percentages pre and post the above mentioned insecticide treatments. These data include the bollworm Reviews of Literature Volume 1 , Issue 5 / Dec 2013 ISSN:-2347-2723 4 Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 2 • Sept 2013 Table (2) : Averages of weekly bollworms infestation % . Treatment # Averages of weekly bollworms infestation % Pre - Treatment Post - Treatment 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 16 7 7 3 5.5 6.25 2 12 5.5 6.5 1.75 6.75 11.75 3 15 3.5 3.5 1.5 6.25 4.25 4 14.5 5 5.5 2.25 4.75 3.25 5 32 11.5 11.5 1.75 3.5 4.5 6 30.5 4.5 4.5 2.5 5.5 6.75 7 26.5 4.5 4.5 0.75 4.75 8 8 26 4 4 0.75 10.25 2.25 9 17.5 5.5 5.5 0.75 2.75 3.25 10 17.5 3 3 2.25 4 0.75 11 25 5.5 5.5 1.5 1.25 1.75 12 22 7 7 1 1.5 1.5 13 12 4.5 4.5 2 2 3 14 12.5 2 2 2.5 1.75 2.25 15 9 15.5 17 1 1.75 0.75 16 14 6 5 1.25 1.5 1 17 8.5 4.5 5 0.75 1.5 1.5 18 16 4 4 0.25 0.75 0.25 Data in table (3) Showed the negative bollworms reduction percentages obtained after applying Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula in calculating the reduction percentages of bollworms infestation percentages ( table 2) after the application of the above mentioned insecticide applications . Table ( 3 ) : Reduction percentages in boll infestation % according to Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula . Treatment # weekly bollworm investigations 1 2 3 4 5 Average boll infestation Red. % 1 -174.0 -99.0 -684.7 -60.1 -339.9 -271.5 2 -182.3 -117.2 -429.8 -127.6 -521.2 -275.6 3 -92.3 -99.0 -684.7 -137.9 -203.0 -243.4 4 -136.9 -109.0 -653.5 -69.4 -204.3 -234.6 Reviews of Literature Volume 1 , Issue 5 / Dec 2013 ISSN:-2347-2723 5 Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 2 • Sept 2013 5 -142.8 -99.0 -242.5 -65.7 -384.7 -186.9 6 -58.0 -99.0 -887.9 -72.3 -367.2 -296.9 7 -66.9 -99.0 -265.7 -210.1 -504.3 -229.2 8 -60.5 -99.0 -299.0 -454.6 -64.9 -195.6 9 -124.7 -99.0 -217.2 -121.2 -353.5 -183.1 10 -67.6 -99.0 - 1,199.0 -58.3 -55.3 -295.8 11 -87.0 -99.0 -435.4 -26.8 -419.0 -213.4 12 -126.3 -99.0 -227.6 -49.0 -299.0 -160.2 13 -149.0 -99.0 -710.1 -32.3 -449.0 -287.9 14 -63.0 -99.0 - 1,999.0 -22.3 -384.7 -513.6 15 -687.9 -108.7 -93.1 -57.3 -127.6 -214.9 16 -170.4 -82.3 -399.0 -39.0 -199.0 -178.0 17 -210.8 -110.1 -239.0 -65.7 -299.0 -184.9 Data in table (4) Showed the positive bollworms reduction percentages obtained after applying Albeltagy (2012) formula in calculating the reduction percentages of bollworms infestation percentages ( table 2) after the application of the above mentioned insecticide applications . This paper does not discuss the efficacy of different insecticides applied against bollworms, but it discusses the viability of using Albeltagy ( 2012) formula instead of Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula in these different cases : 1- in calculating reduction in infestation % after any treatment ( herbicide, insecticide, bactericide / fungicide or any other pesticide), in any crop and against any pest rather than using Henderson and Tilton’s (1955) formula, which uses in calculating the reduction in insect population ( not infestation % ) . 2- In a case of the absence of untreated area ( control ). 3- In a case of a farmer applied insecticide to the untreated area for a commercial reasons ( to gain more benefits ) , so fare the infestation in the untreated ( control ) is equal or smaller than in the treated areas, because this'll case a negative reduction % not positive ones . 4- In a case of getting illogic data from the untreated area or data loss for any reason or another. Table ( 4 ) : Reduction percentages in boll infestation % according to Albeltagy formula ( 2012 ) . Treatment # weekly reduction in bollworm infestation % 1 2 3 4 5 Average boll infestation Red. % 1 56.3 56.3 81.3 65.6 60.9 64.1 2 54.2 45.8 85.4 43.8 2.1 46.3 3 76.7 76.7 90.0 58.3 71.7 74.7 4 65.5 62.1 84.5 67.2 77.6 71.4 5 64.1 64.1 94.5 89.1 85.9 79.5 Reviews of Literature Volume 1 , Issue 5 / Dec 2013 ISSN:-2347-2723 6 Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 2 • Sept 2013 6 85.2 85.2 91.8 82.0 77.9 84.4 7 83.0 83.0 97.2 82.1 69.8 83.0 8 84.6 84.6 97.1 60.6 91.3 83.7 9 68.6 68.6 95.7 84.3 81.4 79.7 10 82.9 82.9 87.1 77.1 95.7 85.1 11 78.0 78.0 94.0 95.0 93.0 87.6 12 68.2 68.2 95.5 93.2 93.2 83.6 13 62.5 62.5 83.3 83.3 75.0 73.3 14 84.0 84.0 80.0 86.0 82.0 83.2 15 -72.2 -88.9 88.9 80.6 91.7 20.0 16 57.1 64.3 91.1 89.3 92.9 78.9 17 47.1 41.2 91.2 82.4 82.4 68.8 Albeltagy (2012) formula is very simple, easy to be calculated and applicable that any farmer who cultivated any crop and has applied any control action [ biologically, physically, or chemically " as a part of integrated pest management ( IPM) ] can apply it to know the efficacy of this control action in his own farm however it's small or large one . By this way farmers can manage their control action easily and scientists and experts can get more reliable data successfully. The most valuable advantage of Albeltagy ( 2012 ) formula is that : it does not have any financial costs , while the application of all other formulas causes financial losses and costs for a very simple reason, Albeltagy formula does not need any untreated areas ( control ), and does not need any control samples, it depends on the data of the pre treatment to compare with that of the post treatment to calculate the reduction percentage for any control action under any conditions . REFERENCES :- 1. Abbott, W.S. (1925). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol.; 18 : 265-267. 2. Anonymous ( 2010 ) : World Pesticides to 2014 - Market Research, Market Share, Market Size, Sales, Demand Forecast, Market Leaders, Company Profiles, Industry Trends. 3. http://www.freedoniagroup.com/World-Pesticides.html 4. Ehab Bakr ( 2013 ) . Ldp line software . 5. http://www.ehabsoft.com/ldpline/onlinecontrol.htm#SunShepard 6. Grube, A.; D. Donaldson, T. Kiely, and La Wu ( 2011) : Pesticides Industry, Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates. EPA, Biological and Economic Analysis Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ,Washington, DC 20460. 33 pages. 7. http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/pestsales/07pestsales/market_estimates2007.pdf 8. Henderson, C.F. and E. W. Tilton, 1955. Tests with acaricides against the brow wheat mite, J. Econ. Entomol. 48:157-161. 9. Pound, Joe Mathews, J. A. Miller, J.E. George, D. Fish, J. F. Carroll, T. L. Schulze, T. J. Daniels, R. C. Falco, K. C. Stafford, and T. N. Mather.( 2009 ) . The United States Reviews of Literature Volume 1 , Issue 5 / Dec 2013 ISSN:-2347-2723 7 Reviews of Literature • Volume 1 Issue 2 • Sept 2013 Department of Agriculture’s Northeast. Area-Wide Tick Control Project: Summary and Conclusions. VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES, 9(4) : 439- 448 . 10. http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/35190/PDF 11. Püntener W., 1981 Manual for field trials in plant protection second edition. Agricultural Division, Ciba-Geigy Limited. 12. Zhang, WenJun, FuBin Jiang, and JianFeng Ou (2011) : Global pesticide consumption and pollution: with China as a focus. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2011, 1(2):125-144 13. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/piaees/articles/2011-1(2)/Global-pesticideco
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